The aim of the final work is to research the demographic challenges for the Croatian economy, i.e. the economic consequences of demographic changes in the labor market, consumption and savings and the pension system, which will be visible on the basis of analyzed statistical data of the population structure of the Republic of Croatia with regard to age, gender, education and economic activity. The basic starting point in this work is that the Republic of Croatia is facing the aging of the population, followed by a high rate of emigration as well as a fall in the birth rate, which in the long run leads to a decrease in the working-age population and an increase in public spending in the form of funds for the pension, health and social system. Consequently, in order to reduce the public consumption and the burden of the system, it is necessary to raise the retirement age as well as the years of retirement work in line with the EU guidelines. Consequently, it is necessary to create new jobs and increase investment in a lifelong learning system and acquire skills tailored to the new labor market needs, as certain professions come to an end. One of the consequences of the relatively old population of the Republic of Croatia is the reduction of consumption, as the elderly can no longer financially borrow, which leads to an increase in the level of savings. Further in the text, in addition to the definition of key concepts, such as demographics and population, basic demographic development criteria will be elaborated, namely: total population movements, natural population movements, mechanical movement of the population and demographic structure. The research carried out on this issue suggests that the Republic of Croatia should significantly increase its investment in education and science reform so as to be competitive in the world's labor market trends, thereby reducing migration and implementing the necessary measures of pronatality policy. In order to understand the stated facts, the aim of the paper is to analyze the demographic changes and their impact on the Croatian economy.