On a daily basis the dentists are in doubt about the proper choice of local anesthetic. The knowledge of pharmacological and clinical features of local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors is essential for their safe clinical use and prevention of potentially life – threatening systemic reactions that may occur after their administration. The most important features of local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors, and their clinical use are described in the third section of this review. The instruments necessary for the administration of local anesthetics include the syringe, needle, local anesthetic cartrige, as well as additional equipment. Today's advancement of technology and the introduction of computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery systems, facilitated clinical work and opened the opportunity for achieving painless local anesthesia. Intraoral techniques of local anesthesia that are commonly used in dentistry are presented int he fifth section oft his review. In the sea of different techniques and local anesthetics, the clinician should always keep in mind that there is never only one correct technique. We should choose any technique that provides clinically adequate pain control without unnecessarily increasing risk or provoking any instant or delayed complications. The requirements for pain control and local anesthesia within the dental specialties are too often neglected. However, these requirements vary among different branches of the profession and require special attention. In spite of careful patient evaluation, correct choice of local anesthetic, and accurate and properly administrated injection, local and systemic complications can be occasionally developed. It is very important to avoid complications, if possible, and if they still happen they should be recognized on time and treated properly.