| Abstract | Kontracepcija, poznata i pod nazivom zaštita od začeća obuhvaća postupke za sprečavanje
trudnoće, odnosno njezino planiranje. Planiranje trudnoće, omogućavanje i primjena
kontracepcije naziva se i planiranje obitelji. Sigurni spolni odnos, uz uporabu muškog ili
ženskog kondoma, također pomaže u sprečavanju spolno prenosivih bolesti. Postupci za
sprečavanje začeća koriste se od davnih vremena, no učinkovite i bezopasne metode postale
su dostupne tek tijekom 20. stoljeća. U nekim kulturama se dostupnost metoda za sprečavanje
začeća namjerno ograničava, jer se smatraju moralno ili politički nepoželjnima.
Najučinkovitiji postupci za sprečavanje začeća u muškaraca su sterilizacija vazektomijom, a u
žena podvezivanjem jajovoda, hormnoski kontraceptivi uključujući kombinirane tablete za
kontracepciju te implantacijski kontraceptivi. Slijede kontracepcijski flasteri, intrauterini
ulošci, vaginalni prstenovi i injekcijski kontraceptivi. Manje učinkovite metode su barijerna
kontracepcijska sredstva poput prezervativa, dijafragmi, kontracepcijskih spužvi i računanja
plodnih dana. Najmanje učinkovite metode su korištenje spermicida i prekinutog snošaja prije
ejakulacije. Premda je najučinkovitija, sterilizacija obično nije reverzibilna, dok su sve ostale
metode reverzibilne, najčešće neposredno nakon prestanka korištenja. Hitna kontracepcija
može spriječiti trudnoću, ako se primijeni u prvih nekoliko dana nakon spolnog odnosa bez
zaštite. |
| Abstract (english) | Contraception, also known as protection from conception, includes procedures of
preventing or planning pregnancy. Pregnancy planning, enableing and application of
contraceptive methods is also known as family planning. Safe sex, including the usage of
male or female condoms helps to protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Contraceptive
methods are used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods have become available
during the 20th century. In some cultures, the availability of methods to prevent conception is
limited intetionally, because it is considered morally or politically undesirable. The most
effective procedures of preventing conception for males is sterilization by vasectomy, and for
females tubal ligation, hormonal contraceptives including combined pills and implantable
contraceptives. This methods are followed by contraceptive patches, intrauterine devices,
vaginal rings and injectable contraceptives. Less effective methods are barrier contraceptives
such as condoms, diaphragms, contraceptive sponges and calculating fertile days. The least
effective method are the usage of spermicides and withdrawal before ejaculation. Although
the most effective method, sterilization, is usually not reversible, while all other methods are,
usually immediately after the usage. Emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy if
applied within the first few days after unprotected sex. |
