A group of symptoms such as pain, discomfort and muscle tension in the lumbosacral spine area are called low back pain. Low back pain is considered to be one of the most common conditions in today's society because studies show that 60-80% of the population at least once in their lives experience an episode of low back pain.Causes of low back pain are numerous and often associated so it is difficult to determine the exact cause of pain, but it is considered that about 90% of the low back pain is caused by mechanical factors. The clinical picture is very individual and depends on the cause, but the main symptom is pain. For adequate treatment it is neccesary to do a clinical examination and physiotherapeutic assesment based on a SOAP model.Treatment of low back pain can be conservative, interventional or surgical, but most of the cases require a conservative treatment that includes precautions, physical therapy, kinesitherapy and the use of medicaments.An enormous step in the treatment of low back pain is achieved by the methods of modern physiotherapy such as McKenzie's concept, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization. Ultimately, timely prevention based on education about low back pain and advices about daily life activities has the greatest importance. That kind of approach will ensure the maintenance of the spine in the best possible condition and prevent the appearance of low back pain. The aim of this thesis is to describe the lumbar spine, the causes and epidemiology of low back pain, as well as the possibilities of treating low back pain by physiotherapy.