Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Given the wide spectrum of symptoms, including motor, sensory, visual, and cognitive disorders, MS significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. Although the etiology of MS is not yet fully understood, it is known that genetic, immunological, and environmental factors play crucial roles. MS is a disease with great variability in presentation and progression, often described as the "disease with a thousand faces." Therapeutic approaches in MS focus on modifying the disease course, reducing the frequency of relapses, disability progression and alleviating symptoms. In addition to traditional therapies, new drugs targeting specific pathological mechanisms of MS are being investigated. Vaccination against various infections is crucial for patients with MS, given their increased vulnerability to infections. However, the safety and efficacy of vaccination in this population remain subjects of research. Current guidelines recommend vaccination against influenza, pneumococcus, and other preventable diseases, but further research is needed to better understand the effects of vaccination on the course of MS and the immune response of patients. Despite significant progress in understanding and treating multiple sclerosis, the disease remains a challenge for patients and clinicians. Understanding the complex immunological mechanisms and the impact of genetic and environmental factors is key to developing new therapies. Additionally, vaccination represents an important aspect of preventive care for MS patients, highlighting the need for further research to ensure their safety and efficacy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about MS, including its etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and potential directions for future research