The aim of this review diploma thesis is to show the most important causes of cow infertility on the basis of available recent literature explain the reasons for their occurrence and consider the possibilities of reducing their incidence, with the aim of improving reproductive efficiency of cows. Functional ovarian disorders are by far the most common cause of infertility, followed by inflammatory disease. The dysfunction of the ovaries may be caused the absence of cyclic ovarian activity, silente heat and ovarian cysts. One must not forget the important cause of acquired sterility as a consequence of the effects of alimentary, nutritional deficiencies and unfavourable living conditions, and bio-climatic factors. Nutrition has a major influence on the fertility of dairy cows. The incidence of functional forms of reduced fertility is steadily increasing, especially due to the unbalanced relationship between degradable proteins and feedstock energy. Although congenital abnormalities in the development of sexual organs of heifers were considered to be rare, these are becoming more frequent with intensive milk production and propagation as a cause of fertility. The congenital abnormalities are eliminated by selection, while the acquired abnormalities in the structure of the sexual organs are most often treated by surgery. High costs of treating chronic inflammatory conditions such as endometritis can be prevented by puerperium control from 10th to 45th days. Treatment of ovarian cysts begins by correcting the diet, grazing, application of selenium and vitamins A and E, continuing with the induction of ovulation using a synthetic analogue of GnRH and artificial insemination