Noise pollution is widespread phenomenon around the world. Exposure to high levels of noise negatively affects several organ systems in human body and thus causes nervousness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive impairment in children. The effect of noise on human auditory system is especially important because of the irreversibility of created changes. Noise-induced hearing loss is the most common preventable cause of hearing loss. Also, this is the most prevalent occupational disease in the United States of America. Pathophysiologically, the cause of noise-induced hearing loss is damage of the cochlear hair cells. Such damage can be caused by an exposure to one brief, very intense sound (acoustic trauma) or by chronic exposure to elevated levels of noise. Acute effect of noise on hearing is clinically presented with transient tinnitus, the sensation of ear fullness and muffled sounds, but chronic damage is not accompanied by overt symptoms like pain or bleeding and there is no easily noticeable deformation. Hearing impairments caused by noise are diagnosed by pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and otoacoustic emissions. Characteristic finding for noise-induced hearing loss is a "noise notch" at a frequency of 4 kHz on a pure tone audiogram. Therapeutic approach in noise-induced hearing loss is based on non-pharmaceutical measures of improving patient's quality of life, for instance, with hearing aids. Drugs, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are intensely researched as potential methods for hair cell regeneration or hair cell death prevention. The only effective way to combat this condition is prevention. Main methods of prevention are education, law regulations, and use of personal hearing protection devices.