| Abstract | Nedostatak kvalificirane radne snage u određenim tehničkim područjima zamjenjuje se automatizacijom. Sustav automatizacije može biti izvršen u različitim stupnjevima. Najviši stupanj radi potpuno automatski dok najniži radi uz pomoć kvalificirane radne snage.
U ovom radu će biti prikazan opis jednog od mogućih rješenja automatiziranja na primjeru manje tvornice za pakiranje kompota od ananasa. Ulaskom ananasa u proizvodni pogon započinje njegova obrada u kojoj se očisti, oguli i nareže na kolutove te naposljetku stavi u konzerve naknadno napunjene sokom od ananasa. Konzerve se začepe, etiketiraju, pakiraju te pripremaju za odvoz.
Kod automatizacije se može odabrati automatski ili ručni režim rada. U ručnom režimu rada, svaki motor se može pokretati zasebno dok u automatskom režimu rada motorima upravlja PLC. Prva transportna linija zadužena je za pranje ananasa na stanici koja sadrži mlaznice. Druga transportna linija sadrži jedan stroj za guljenje, a jedan za rezanje. Nakon guljenja i rezanja ananasa, na trećoj transportnoj liniji ananas se stavlja u limene konzerve, pomoću punilice se limenke napune sokom, te se čepilicom i etiketirkom začepe i etiketiraju. Na kraju transportne linije, kompot stavljen u kartonske kutije je spreman za izlazak iz pogona.
Komponente koje su potrebne da bi sustav funkcionirao su: motori, senzori, PLC, zaštitni prekidači, vremenski relej (u jeftinijoj i jednostavnijoj izvedbi), sklopnici i bimetalni releji. Potrebna su tri trofazna asinkrona motora za pokretanje transportnih traka te je svaki zadužen za svoju traku. Predviđeni su optički senzori jer imaju dugi vijek trajanja. Odabran je PLC proizvođača Siemens jer odgovara parametrima i zahtjevima ovog proizvodnog pogona. Program u PLC-u treba direktno upravljati radom pokretnih traka, ali i koordinirati radom priključenih strojeva koji su isporučeni sa vlastitim upravljačkim ormarom (gulilicom, rezalicom, vagom, čepilicom, etiketirkom..). Zaštitni prekidači u pogonu služe da u slučaju kratkog spoja prekidaju strujni krug. Motori se pokreću i zaustavljaju pomoću sklopnika. Bimetalni releji štite motor tijekom preopterećenja. Od dodatne opreme korištene su grebenaste sklopke, tipkalo za isklop u nuždi, signalne lampice te kabeli i žice. |
| Abstract (english) | The lack of skilled labor in certain technical areas is being replaced by automation. The automation system can be implemented in different degrees. The highest level works fully automatically, while the lowest level works with the help of skilled labor.
This paper will present a description of one of the possible automation solutions using the example of a small pineapple compote packaging factory. When the pineapple enters the production facility, its processing begins, where it is cleaned, peeled and cut into rings, and finally placed in cans that are subsequently filled with pineapple juice. Cans are closed, labeled, packed and prepared for removal.
With automation, you can choose automatic or manual mode of operation. In the manual mode, each motor can be started separately, while in the automatic mode, the motors are controlled by the PLC. The first conveyor line is responsible for washing the pineapples at the station containing the nozzles. The second conveyor line contains one peeling machine and one cutting machine. After peeling and cutting the pineapples, on the third transport line, the pineapples are placed in tin cans, the cans are filled with juice using a filler, and they are closed and labeled with a pin and a labeler. At the end of the transport line, compote placed in cardboard boxes is ready to leave the plant.
The components required for the system to function are: motors, sensors, PLC, protective switches, time relay (in a cheaper and simpler version), switches and bimetallic relays. Three three-phase asynchronous motors are needed to run the conveyor belts, and each one is responsible for its own belt. Optical sensors are provided because they have a long service life. A Siemens PLC was chosen because it corresponds to the parameters and requirements of this production plant. The program in the PLC should directly control the operation of the conveyor belts, but also coordinate the operation of the connected machines that are delivered with their own control cabinet (peeler, cutter, scale, peeler, labeler...). Protective switches in the drive are used to interrupt the circuit in the event of a short circuit. Motors are started and stopped using switches. Bimetallic relays protect the motor during overload. As additional equipment, cam switches, an emergency shut-off button, signal lights, and cables and wires were used. |
